Using the Doppler Effect to Improve Automatic Landing of Drones in Remote Geographical Environments

Abstract

Drones are currently being used more and more to deliver postal goods across short, medium, and long distances. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), especially those with vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) capabilities, have the potential to be used in transportation services due to almost unrestricted access to areas without significant airspace errors. So drones are very important. Part of the process of implementing transportation services. These days, the worldwide Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) help UAVs throughout the flight phase. However, GNSS+INS's imprecision renders it irrelevant for landing with take off, entailing the assistance of human drone operators along such stages. Unfortunately, the accuracy of the navigation technologies currently in use is insufficient to locate drones. Because of this, full automation of the landing technique is Not feasible. Since the study describes the design of the autonomous system, this paper offers a solution to this issue. Automatic landing approaches are made possible by Doppler-effect-based navigation algorithms as a sophisticated accuracy evaluation. Simulation studies serve as the foundation for the vertical take off and landing (VTOL) solution. The proposed frequency hopping modulation with the Doppler effect adaptive control model has been designed and implemented to simulate the successful landing of a typical drone structure. Experimental results have shown excellent metrics for frequency hopping signal of (20-50) MHz carrier frequency and 150 hops/sec specified to UAV speed at 80 m/s having Doppler effect with N=1024 and 2024 samples. The obtained results show that the received control signals for Doppler effects match the results of the adaptive compensator, which indicates an enhancement in the take-off and landing operations of the drone model. The observed improvement was up to 98%, with an error rate of less than 0.2%, with reception power ranging from 40 to 100 dB at the operating frequencies of the path model