Metaheuristic-Based Observer Design for Electromagnetic and Load Torque Estimation in PMSMs: A Comprehensive Review

Authors

  • Dr. Qusay S. Kadhim Department of Electrical Engineering Techniques, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Najaf 54001, Iraq Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9390-1785
  • Murtadha H.Atiyah Department of Electrical Engineering Techniques, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Najaf 54001, Iraq Author
  • Ali A.Abdullah Al-bakri College of engineering Al-Ameen University, Iraq Author

Keywords:

PMSM, LTOs, Metaheuristic Optimization, FOC, MPC

Abstract

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are widely used in electric vehicles and robotics due to their high efficiency and torque density. However, accurate torque and speed estimation without mechanical sensors remains a major challenge. To address this, observer-based techniques such as EKF, UKF, MRAS, SMO, and Luenberger observers have been extensively applied, along with adaptive, nonlinear, and AI-based observers.

Recent research trends focus on load torque observers for their superior disturbance rejection under dynamic conditions. Moreover, metaheuristic optimization algorithms such as PSO, GA, and GWO have been utilized to auto-tune observer and controller parameters, enhancing estimation accuracy and dynamic performance.

Modern control strategies like Field-Oriented Control (FOC) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) benefit from these optimized estimates, achieving higher efficiency and reduced torque ripple. Despite these advances, most studies rely on simulation, highlighting the need for real-time implementation and hardware validation, particularly in electric vehicle drive systems.

Author Biography

  • Dr. Qusay S. Kadhim, Department of Electrical Engineering Techniques, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Najaf 54001, Iraq

    Qusay S. Kadhim earned his B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Babylon, Iraq, and his M.Sc. in Power Engineering from the University of Technology, Iraq. He later completed his Ph.D. in Power Engineering at Al-Basrah Uni-versity, Iraq. Currently, he serves as a Lecturer in the Depart-ment of Electrical Engineering Techniques at Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Najaf, Iraq. His research interests include intelligent control techniques, power electronics, machine drives, and control theory within the field of electrical engineering.

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Published

2026-03-31

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026)

Section

Articles